Interpretation Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Interpretation Methods - Essay Example Scholarship and research are the basic requirements to achieve this goal.Many of England's museums were mainly established to promote learning. Although there are several other ways of learning but still, learning through objects is the most beneficial way. It is an interactive approach that can encourage the imagination stimulating an urge for discovery. The cumulative impact of museums on the lives of individuals as well as society is simply enormous. Many museums have already worked in partnership with a wide range of organizations in order to develop a better approach for learning programs. Most of the times, these activities take place inside the museum premises. But sometimes the museums take their collections and expertise out into public venues, residential homes, social gatherings, hospitals, prisons and schools. This can help us understanding the powerful impact of museum-based learning. In the last ten years, living history is becoming more and more popular not only among museum professionals but the historic house visitor. This process is well established and flourishing in the USA. The use of live interpretation in Britain is lacking both the status and methodology in comparison with the other side of the Atlantic. In short, it is in its infancy. The living history technique is still having a long way to go before its acceptance by many British museum professionals, as a valid and effective technique of Social History Interpretation, instead of a simple approach just for children or special events. This acceptance mainly depends on exploring the potential educational and learning experience offered to all the visitors. Living History Living history can be defined as being a direct form of live interpretation, first person interpretation. Drama and Theatre is excluded in the field of Education because that they do not necessarily require a factual or historical basis. Whereas guiding, demonstration of a craft and the third person interpretation are historically and factually based, but they do not require any mark able performance skills. Battle re-enactments are excluded because this form of presentation frequently has no educational object. It has no historical context and is not linked to any performance skills. It should be noted that only first person interpretation requires an interesting combination of historical knowledge, performance skills and educational objectives. History The first use of living history method was in Europe less than one hundred years ago. Artur Hazelius (1833-1901), who is remembered for the Open Air Museum, founded Skansen, the Museum of Scandinavian Folklore in Stockholm. It was started in 1873. Although the museum gained popularity, he

Theory and practices of negotiation Essay Example for Free

Theory and practices of negotiation Essay Definition When you hear the word negotiation, what comes first to mind? Negotiation is almost always an everyday transaction being dealt with by each and every one of us. Indeed, how often do you negotiate often, seldom, or never? Everything in life is negotiated, under all conditions, at all times: from asking your parents to bring you to the shopping malls to take out the morning garbage to driving in the express lane in rush-hour traffic, from determining what time to schedule an appointment with a client to deciding which tv show to watch with your family—to some extent, every facet of life is linked with one’s using of negotiation. Negotiation occurs whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships or whenever they confer for agreement. Another definition expanding slightly the above meaning of negotiation is to note that negotiation is conducted neither to widen nor to breach the relationship, but to form a new or different configuration. In short, most of us are constantly involved in negotiations to one degree or another for a good part of any given day. Negotiation should be considered as a positive way of structuring the communication process. It is usually more than helpful in one’s work environment and in closing deals with new clients or prospects. Win-win negotiation skills are assets to a company especially if you will be in-charge of marketing new and pioneer products to the market. Effective negotiation helps you to resolve situations where what you want conflicts with what someone else wants. The aim of win-win negotiation is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that theyve won, in some way, after the event. Preparing for a successful negotiation†¦ Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation. For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person’s. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Using our free worksheet, think through the following points before you start negotiating: Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away?   Alternatives: if you don’t reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement cut you out of future opportunities? And what alternatives might the other person have? Relationships: what is the history of the relationship? Could or should this history impact the negotiation? Will there be any hidden issues that may influence the negotiation? How will you handle these? Expected outcomes: what outcome will people be expecting from this negotiation? What has the outcome been in the past, and what precedents have been set?   The consequences: what are the consequences for you of winning or losing this negotiation? What are the consequences for the other person? Power: who has what power in the relationship? Who controls resources? Who stands to lose the most if agreement isn’t reached? What power does the other person have to deliver what you hope for? †¢ Possible solutions: based on all of the considerations, what possible compromises might there be? Negotiating successfully†¦ The negotiation itself is a careful exploration of your position and the other person’s position, with the goal of finding a mutually acceptable compromise that gives you both as much of what you want as possible. Peoples positions are rarely as fundamentally opposed as they may initially appear the other person may have very different goals from the ones you expect! In an ideal situation, you will find that the other person wants what you are prepared to trade, and that you are prepared to give what the other person wants. If this is not the case and one person must give way, then it is fair for this person to try to negotiate some form of compensation for doing so – the scale of this compensation will often depend on the many of the factors we discussed above. Ultimately, both sides should feel comfortable with the final solution if the agreement is to be considered win-win. Only consider win-lose negotiation if you dont need to have an ongoing relationship with the other party as, having lost, they are unlikely to want to work with you again. Equally, you should expect that if they need to fulfill some part of a deal in which you have won, they may be uncooperative and legalistic about the way they do this.

Characteristics Of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles Engineering Essay

Characteristics Of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles Engineering Essay This project is a study on a performance of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System VCRC. The performance of this type of refrigeration system is being investigated by using different type of expansion valves or also known as throttling valves. I am using three types of valves upon conducting this study which are thermostatic expansion valve, capillary tube expansion valve and constant-pressure expansion valve. Performance of refrigeration systems will be investigated on two kind of surrounding which are closed and open surrounding. A light bulb will act as a heating load which will increase the inlet temperature of air on evaporation. This project also discuss about the ideal application of each type of expansion valves. Which mean, where, when and what application the three types of expansion valves should be used for a better result. Refrigeration is the action of cooling, and in practices this requires removal of heat and discarding it at higher temperature. Therefore, refrigeration is a science of moving heat from low temperature region to the high temperature region. Refrigeration can be defined as a process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, with the aim to cool some product or space to the required temperature. The most important applications of refrigeration are the preservation of perishable food products. Refrigeration systems also used for providing thermal comfort to human beings by using air conditioning. Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odor and circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space. The subject of refrigeration and air conditioning has evolved out of human need for food and comfort, and its history dates back to centuries. In refrigeration system, heat must be removed from the space area specifically the goods or matter we need to cool and released to the environment. Nature of heat movement is, heat always moves from the hotter to the colder space. To transfer heat from hot region to cold region, special device is required. The device is called Refrigerator. Refrigerator is a cyclic device and it is using a fluid called refrigerant as a working fluid. As known there are two common methods for refrigeration which are natural and mechanical. In natural refrigeration, ice is used to generate a circulation of air around the blocks of ice. Therefore some of the heat from the circulating air is transferred to the ice thus cooling the air. This method particularly used in air conditioning application. As in mechanical refrigeration, refrigerant is used as a working fluid. Refrigerant is a substance that is capable to transfer heat that it absorbs at low temperatures and pressures to a condensing medium. Refrigerator is an example of mechanical refrigeration. In a refrigerator, coolant is cooled in a condenser; from there it flow to the evaporator, where air is cooled by contact with the coil. Figure : Example of Refrigerator [ ©2006 Publications International, Ltd.] Types of refrigeration cycle Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Vapor compression refrigeration system is the most common refrigeration system used nowadays. In vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC), there are four major thermal process take place which is expansion, evaporation, compression and condensation. In all practical applications, the actual VCRC is lower than the ideal cycle. This caused by several factors such as friction losses, heat exchanges between parts on the system and pressure drops in suction and discharge lines. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-X7cy0Nn5FpUh23SVRaPzAFG_o0lp2WxOEMmReUZSPjiYERUt=1usg=__BGAiwbpSspuI0lSI-ZibGb3mh0Q= Figure : Single stage VCRC [The Full wiki/ refrigeration cycle] Based on Figure 2, compression process is done on compressor followed by condensation process on condenser, expansion process on expansion valve and lastly evaporation process on evaporator. Compression Process on Compressor Low-pressure vapor of refrigerant enters the compressor and then being compressed and moved to condenser as a high-pressure vapor (superheated). Condensation Process on Condenser The superheated vapor of refrigerant is then travels through the condenser  which first cools and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapor refrigerant into a liquid refrigerant by removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature. Expansion Process on expansion Valve The liquid refrigerant is then goes through the  expansion valve  which is also known as throttling valve where its pressure will abruptly decreases, causing  flash evaporation  and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid. By undergoing expansion process, mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant is produced at low temperature and pressure. Evaporation Process on Evaporator The cold liquid-vapor refrigerant is then travels through the evaporator coil or tubes and it is completely vaporized by cooling the warm air (from the space being refrigerated) and being blown by a fan across the evaporator coil or tubes. The resulting refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet to complete the thermodynamic cycle. Vapor compression refrigeration system using high-grade energy such as mechanical work. It has more noise and wear is possible to occur in the compressor since moving parts is placed there. Coefficient of performance, COP of VCRC will decrease if the pressure of the evaporator decreases. Performance of VCRC is adversely affected at partial load. Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System  uses a heat source such as solar and kerosene-fueled flame to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system. Vapor absorption Refrigeration system is a popular alternative to regular  compressor refrigerators  where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available such as from turbine exhaust or industrial processes. Absorption refrigerators powered by heat from the  combustion  of  liquefied petroleum gas  are often used for food storage in  recreational vehicles. There are two type of vapor absorption refrigeration system that is single-effect and double effect. Single-effect absorption system is using neither ammonia or water while double-effect absorption system uses lithium bromide or water. Since the presence of ammonia or lithium bromide directly into a confined space which is full of human is dangerous, vapor absorption system which used this material should be placed outside the building to be cooled. However, vapor absorption that using ammonia or lithium bromide is not practical to be used on a building since it is impossible to pipe this material into the building. Therefore all absorption cycle equipment is then designed to chill water which is then piped into the building. The chilled water is piped through to fan coil units in each of the conditioned spaces. The application of vapor absorption system using water is therefore well suited to multiple room systems or large spaces requiring air conditioning. This is because absorption chillers are a well-established technology that can offer considerable advantages over conventional, mechanically driven, vapor compression chillers.   Absorption cycle is using a fluid pair rather than using a mechanically driven or an electrically powered compressor to be function. The absorption cooling cycle is driven by the heat source, such as gas burner, steam or hot water. This heat source is used to boil and drive the refrigerant out of the refrigerant/absorbent mixture. This mixture is normally termed solution.   The refrigerant is then going through a condenser to remove the latent heat of condensation, thus returning the refrigerant into liquid form. The refrigerant is then passed to the evaporator where evaporation process draws heat from the recirculating chilled water. The resulting vapor from the evaporator is attracted and absorbed by the absorbent solution to complete the cycle. In effect, the mechanical compressor of a conventional vapor compression cycle has been substituted with a chemical pump driven by heat. http://www.acr-news.com/news/images/651_2.jpg Figure : Single Effect Absorption Cooling [ ACR News ] Steam Jet Refrigeration system Steam Jet Refrigeration system is using the principle of liquids flashing under vacuum in a chamber. If the flash vapor removed from the chamber, the liquid will cool to the required temperature. In practice, more than one cooling stage is usually present. Steam Jet Refrigeration system will become more economical when both steam and cooling water is readily available. Steam jet refrigeration system working start with the steam passed through a  vacuum ejector  of high efficiency to exhaust a separate, closed vessel which forms part of a cooling water circuit. The partial vacuum in the vessel causes some of the water to evaporate, thus giving up heat through  evaporative cooling. The chilled water is pumped through the circuit to air coolers, while the evaporated water from the ejector is recovered in separate  condensers  and returned to the cooling circuit. In  steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Water is perfectly safe for human. These kinds of systems were applied successfully to refrigeration in the early years of century. At low temperatures the saturation pressures are low (0.008129 bar at 4 °C) and the specific volumes are high (157.3 m3/kg at 4 °C). The temperatures that can be attained using water as a refrigerant are not low enough for most refrigeration applications but are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements. These systems also used in some chemical industries for several processes, such as the removal of paraffin wax from lubricating oils. The application of steam jet refrigeration system also including cooling a hot corrosive liquid efficiently to any desired temperature and the cooling of fruit juices instantaneously.Note that a steam jet refrigeration system is not suitable to be used when the required temperatures are below 5 °C. Steam jet refrigeration systems use steam ejectors to reduce the pressure in a tank containing the return water from a chilled water system. The steam jet ejector utilizes the energy of a fast-moving jet of steam to capture the flash tank vapor and compress it. Flashing a portion of the water in the tank reduces the liquid temperature. High-pressure steam expands while flowing through the nozzle 1. The expansion causes a drop in pressure and an enormous increase in velocity. Due to the high velocity, flash vapor from the tank is drawn into the swiftly moving steam and the mixture enters the diffuser. The velocity is gradually reduced in the diffuser but the pressure of the steam at the condenser is increased 5-10 times more than that at the entrance of the diffuser (e.g. from 0.01 bar to 0.07 bar). The main advantages of this system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work. Using Steam Jet refrigeration system will required negligible maintenance and a plant can be fabricated in any suitable material of construction. In steam jet refrigeration system, there is no moving part involved. http://www.siit.tu.ac.th/image/4ref.jpg Figure : Steam Jet Refrigeration System [Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University] Thermoelectric Refrigeration System An effect of refrigeration can also be achieved without using any moving parts. This is done by simply passing a small current through a closed circuit which is made up from two dissimilar metals. This type of effect is called the Peltier effect, and a refrigerator which is works using this kind of principle is called a thermoelectric refrigerator. The thermoelectric device is like the conventional thermocouple. It is using two dissimilar materials as a medium to transfer heat from one another. In a thermoelectric refrigerator, there are two junction between the two different metals used. One junction is placed in the refrigerated space and the other one is placed in the ambient surrounding. The temperature of the junction which is located in the refrigerated space will decrease when the current passed through and create a potential difference. An opposite effect will occur on the other junction. Under steady-state operating conditions, heat is transferred from the refrigerated space to the cold junction. The other junction will be at a temperature above the ambient, and heat will be transferred from the junction to the surroundings. http://china-heatpipe.net/up_files/image/2008-4-24/826639119.jpg Figure : Thermoelectric Refrigeration Effect The thermoelectric refrigeration effect are too expensive for a normal domestic and commercial applications which are run only on using a regular household current. This concept normally suited to recreational applications due to the weight of thermoelectric refrigerator which is light, compact and it is also insensitive to motion or tilting. This type of refrigerator also has no moving parts, and can operate directly from 12-volt batteries. Using thermoelectric refrigerator will give a advantages to the food and beverages. It will keep the food and beverages cold and dry. There also no wasted space for ice. The advantages of thermoelectric refrigeration system include; Compact size Very little space is required by the cooling system. Lightweight Can be carried with one hand Cheap Use Low Battery to be function. Comparison between refrigeration system Feature Refrigeration System Compression Absorption Steam Jet Principle of cooling Vaporizing a Refrigerant Vaporizing an Ammonia gas Source of Energy Mechanical work Heat Compactness Weight Portability Heavy Must be kept level within 2-3 degrees Price Battery Drain Draw more current when running 6.5-7.5 amp Cooling Performance Most efficient in hot weather Less efficient at high ambient Freezing Ice cubes in hot weather excellent Not practical Safety Leaking of refrigerant Leaking of refrigerant Reliability Exposed to wear and may require expert servicing from time to time Service Maintenance Required trained mechanics and special service equipment Components on Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Vapour compression refrigeration system consist of several mechanical components that helps the systems to be function. Four major components on vapour compression refrigeration system include compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. In selection of any components on refrigeration system, there are many factors that we need to consider very carefully, that is: Maintaining total refrigeration availability while the load varies from 0% to 100% Frost control for continuous performance application. Variation in affinity of oil for refrigerant caused by large temperature changes, and oil migration outside the compressor crankcase. Selection of cooling medium. Direct expansion refrigerant Gravity or pump recirculated or flooded refrigerant. Secondary coolan (e.g. brines, salts and glycol) System efficiency and maintainability Type of condenser Air Water Evaporatively cooled Design of the compressor Open Hermetic Semihermetic motor drive Reciprocating Screw Rotary Type of system Single stage Single economized Compound or cascade arrangement Selection of refrigerant. Type of refrigerant basically chosen based on operating temperature and pressure. Compressor Compressor is one of the major components on refrigeration system. There are two main functions of compressors in the refrigeration cycle. The first one is to pump the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator so that the desired temperature and pressure can be maintained in the evaporator. The second function is to increase the pressure of the refrigerant vapour through the process of compression, and simultaneously increase the temperature of the refrigerant vapour. Therefore the pressure will change and make the superheated refrigerant flows through the systems. Compressor also known as the heart of the vapour compression refrigeration system because it is supplied energies to run the system. Compressor can be divided into two main categories which are displacement compressors and dynamics compressors. Both displacement and dynamics compressors can be hermetic, semi hermetic or open types. Both compressors also pumps refrigerant throughout the systems and produce substantial increase in the pressure of the refrigerant. Displacement Compressors These types of compressors used a shaft work to increase the refrigerant pressure by reducing the compression volume in the chamber. Reciprocating compressors, vane (rotary) compressors and helical rotary (scroll) compressors are including in a group of displacement compressors. Reciprocating compressors compress the refrigerant gas only on forward stroke. A piston is build to be single acting in a large capacity range up to hundreds of kilowatts. Condenser Expansion Valve Evaporator Refrigeration Cycle Expansion valve selection Thermostatic Expansion valve Capillary Tube Expansion valve Constant-pressure Expansion valve Refrigerant Types of refrigerant Characteristics of refrigerants Selection of refrigerant Performance of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY Introduction Background of Study Parameters Involved Equipments and Apparatus set up Standard Operating Procedure CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFFERENCES

Christians Beliefs about Abortion and Euthanasia :: Euthanasia Essays

Christians believe that all people are created in the image of God and are equal in Gods sight. Therefore everyone should be treated equally and have equal rights and not be treated cruelly. The first basic right to everyone is the right to life. "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person." (Article 3, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." (Article 5, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) The Catholic Church teaches that life begins at conception, so abortion is always wrong. Abortion is the premature expulsion of a foetus from the womb. Women that want an abortion undergo an operation to kill the foetus that is living inside the womb. The Catholic Church states that the natural law is that life begins when the ovum is fertilised, as there is an unbroken continuum from conception to birth. It is wrong to take someone's life therefore it is wrong to have an abortion. As Catholics we are raised up in the church and thought about the Ten Commandments and we shall follow these commandments, if we are to be loyal to our religion, our faith, God and our basic human rights. The fifth commandment states, "You shall not kill." If we undergo or commit abortion we are doing just that, killing. The Catholic Church states that every person has the 'right to life.' A foetus is a person and abortion destroys its right to life, so it too claims that abortion is wrong. Abortion can never be allowed for Catholics. But still many people feel they are right to have an abortion as a way to solve a situation that they have got themselves into. Many people want an abortion because they feel that they cannot cope with the upbringing of a child, either for money reasons or because they are not yet ready to be a parent. They are only young and realise what has happened and Christians' Beliefs about Abortion and Euthanasia :: Euthanasia Essays Christians believe that all people are created in the image of God and are equal in Gods sight. Therefore everyone should be treated equally and have equal rights and not be treated cruelly. The first basic right to everyone is the right to life. "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person." (Article 3, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." (Article 5, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) The Catholic Church teaches that life begins at conception, so abortion is always wrong. Abortion is the premature expulsion of a foetus from the womb. Women that want an abortion undergo an operation to kill the foetus that is living inside the womb. The Catholic Church states that the natural law is that life begins when the ovum is fertilised, as there is an unbroken continuum from conception to birth. It is wrong to take someone's life therefore it is wrong to have an abortion. As Catholics we are raised up in the church and thought about the Ten Commandments and we shall follow these commandments, if we are to be loyal to our religion, our faith, God and our basic human rights. The fifth commandment states, "You shall not kill." If we undergo or commit abortion we are doing just that, killing. The Catholic Church states that every person has the 'right to life.' A foetus is a person and abortion destroys its right to life, so it too claims that abortion is wrong. Abortion can never be allowed for Catholics. But still many people feel they are right to have an abortion as a way to solve a situation that they have got themselves into. Many people want an abortion because they feel that they cannot cope with the upbringing of a child, either for money reasons or because they are not yet ready to be a parent. They are only young and realise what has happened and

The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century

â€Å"The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century† Translation: Ross E. Dunn Ibn Batutta was a self-proclaimed scholar of the fourteenth century who traveled extensively throughout sub-Saharan Africa under the banner of Islam, and wrote of his travels in an autobiographical book entitled ‘The Travels of Ibn Battuta’. The financing for his ventures was derived from Muslim rulers inhabiting the cities he visited. His text regarding the cities and their occupants provide great insight into the cultural diversity and economic conditions of medieval Africa, Middle East and Asia.Ibn Battuta also exposes intricate details of daily life regarding food, clothing and rituals. His journals relay a precarious existence where food is not always palatable; clothing is optional and indigenous rituals conflict with his own beliefs. Religious studies students may question the need for this intricate detail; however, Ibn Battuta was gathering the cruc ial knowledge to help other Muslims make the journey. His observances also allowed community leaders to learn of the actions of other community leaders.Among his many observations Ibn Battuta describes the terrain where he travels and the manner in which each community receives him. On many occasions, particularly when crossing the desert, advance notice was sent to make provisions for his lodging. This advanced notice also served a vital task, to arrange for a group of people to meet the traveling party several days outside of town with the necessary supplies to complete the journey. The text discloses unfortunate events where couriers were lost, resulting in the death of entire parties because additional supplies were never sent to meet them.Recording this type of information would be an invaluable resource for other Muslims who desire to go on a pilgrimage. The Travels also discuss the danger of storms at sea and seasonal conditions that limited the availability of this mode of t ransportation. The rigorous and perilous nature of distant travel is emphasized in the text and endured often by Ibn Battuta throughout his life. Although he expresses a modicum of regret at his abstinence from a stationary life, his descriptions of events and beautiful places belie his propensity for wanderlust.This seems a rather unexpected attitude for a religious scholar caught in the midst of desert travel. But from the standpoint of the reader, beauty serves as reward for the hardships endured on the journey. Several other passages in the text divulge the author’s valuation of nature and beauty. The Ibn Battuta reflects an almost pantheistic attitude that is simultaneously appreciative and respectful of both the desert and cultivated gardens. It is likely that this expressed reverence toward nature was intended as an enticement or encouragement his audience to travel.Interestingly enough Battuta also expresses knowledge about Plato Although Ibn Battuta seems to be conte nt with all facets of nature, and speaks highly of the morals and purity of many men, discord appears when his beliefs are challenged by the perception of unconventional behavior, such as the wood burning ceremony in Om Obida, Persi, or the burning of widows in Hindustan, â€Å"The woman adorns herself, and is accompanied by cavalcade of the Infidel Hindoos and Brahmans, with drums, trumpets and men following her, both Infidel and Muslim alike† (emphasis mine) He also remarks about his shock regarding the public nudity of women.This is another example of direct contrast with his cultural heritage, which dictates that women are kept completely covered with the exception of their eyes. This reaction comes as no surprise because sexual infidelity, on behalf of women, is contrary to Ibn Battuta’s religious beliefs. As an ulama, Ibn Battuta’s Muslim beliefs were far more conservative than many of the cultures he visited. The text of Ibn Battuta stands as a relevant w ork from and autobiographical standpoint, as well as a study of regional cultural diversity among Islamic communities.It can be said that Ibn Battuta functioned as a type of intelligentsia for the medival Muslim communities, spreading information between the many towns he visited. His journal entries could easily have influenced the attitudes of community leaders by allowing a direct comparison with the practices and habits of other rulers. Through this methodology, Battuta garnered a modicum of individual power.Although community leaders did not fear Ibn Battuta, his critique of their habits could cause other communities to question a particular leaders respect of Muslim charity laws. This would also call into question that leaders religious devotion to Muslim tradition. Students of religious studies can use the text to discern historical information about the size and resources of ancient cities, trade relationships/predominant commodities of value, and similarities and difference s in the cultures of the Fourteenth Century Islamicate.We are also given an idea of the prosperity of cities despite any possible bias the author might have held toward particular regions or rulers. Closer examination reveals, for the most part, Muslim reverence for travelers on pilgrimage and particularly those of the Ulama class. Perhaps most importantly, the author relays information about daily Muslim life in the medieval age that is not readily available from other academic sources.

3 mistakes of my life Essay

1. Review of ‘The3 Mistakes OfMy Life’By- ShubhamBhutada. 2. ï‚›Name Of Book :The 3 mistakesof my lifeï‚›Author :Chetan Bhagatï‚›Publisher : Rupa Booksï‚›Price: `95 3. CharactersIt’s the story about three friendsOmi, Govind and Ishaan. The storyis presented through Govind’seyes and it’s his three mistakes oflife that are presented along.Govind is, interested in coming upon his own in life, through business. 4. Ish is cricket player whose passionlies in playing, teaching andwatching cricket. Omi is a priest‘sson who doesn’t have anyambition of his own and justmoves along with his two friends. 5. Storyï‚› The book is based on real life events.What follows is a mix of cricket,religion, business, love and friendship.ï‚›Story begins with Bhagat receivingan e-mail from Govind who hadtaken many sleeping pill.ï‚›Govind set up Cricket Shop alongwith his friends in the templecompound with Omi’s family’s help. 6. ï‚›The shop prospers as Ishaancoaches young boys in cricket andGovind teaches maths to someboys and Ishaan’ sister Vidya.ï‚›They want to expand business innew mall in city. They select theprime location in mall for their shopand pay the advance. 7. ï‚›Omi’s Bittoo Mama (maternal uncle),a communal party man bent onconverting the young into fighters inthe name of Hinduism and wantsthat these boys should work for theresecular party.ï‚›Ishan then meets Ali, a Muslim childmaster with reflex condition hit eachball for a six but can’t play more thanan over due to weakness. 8. ï‚›They agreed to provide cricketcoaching and maths tuitions free ofcost to Ali. Ali displays the talent whichIshaan never had and Ali’s destinybecomes his own.ï‚›It is the Republic day, earthquakecame in Gujarat. Mall in which theyhad booked shop get fully destroyed.Money invested (`110000) in mall shopturns into first big mistake of Govind. 9. ï‚›They endure great pains to take Aliall the way to Sydney at thesuggestion of one of the Australianplayers. There, Ali is offered acontract on the condition that hehave to become an Australiancitizen is refused by Ali.ï‚›Govind falls in love with Vidya . Thatwas his second big mistake. 10. ï‚›Bittoo Mama sends his son andOmi’s mother with other Sevak toAyodhya. On their return journeyMuslim mob put on fire the bogie ofSevaks. In that Mama lost his son.ï‚›Ahmedabad burns in riot fires.Bittoo mama with his party workerskills Ali’s family. Now mama wantsto kill Ali. 11. ï‚›Omi dies while saving Ali fromMama’s attack.ï‚›Ishaan finds out about Vidya andGovind, a betrayal he does notforgive.ï‚›Govind while protecting Ali formMama make his third mistake. Dueto a second delay a blade ofmama’s trishul jabbed Ali’s Wrist. 12. ï‚›After these events Ishaan not talkwith Govind for more than twoyears. These events lead Govind tohis death-bed and that is when hewrites the email to Chetan. Chetan Bhagat trigger thereconciliation between Ish andGovind, rekindle the love betweenGovind and Vidya & instill in himthe desire to stay alive. 13. Commentï‚›Content: The Three Mistakes of myLife’ is a story well told. Book hasmany interesting settings andsituation.ï‚›Language: This book is written simplyand has the quality that makes onewant to read the book cover tocover in one sitting. 14. ï‚›Other: None of reason for saving Aliare based on the fact that hes aMuslim, or they save Ali out of anymoral obligation apart from thefact that he is a potentialcricketing great. Chetans notionsof nationalism and patriotism arejust too immature and simplistic. 15. Conclusionï‚›Many times our dreams crash intopieces by unexpected events butwith support from people around, wecan get back on track, focus andrebuild our dreams.ï‚›Life will have many setbacks. Peopleclose to you will hurt you. But youdon’t break it off. You don’t hurtthem more. You try to heal it. 16. Thank You†¦